Costa & Kallick(2000a; 2000b)和他們的研究群提出了至少16項心智習性:
1.堅持(persisting)
2.控制衝動(managing impulsivity)
3.以了解和同理心傾聽(listening with outstanding and empathy)
4.彈性思考(thinking flexibly )
5.反省思考方式(後設認知)(thinking about thinking)
6.力求精確(striving for accuracy)
7.質疑並提出問題(questioning and posing problems)
8.應用舊知識於新情境(applying past knowledge to new situations)
9.以清楚、精準的態度來思考和溝通(thinking and communicating with clarity and precision )
10.用各種感官察覺(gathering data through all senses)
11.創造、想像、創新(creating, imagining, innovating)
12.保持好奇和讚嘆之心(responding with wonderment and awe)
13.願意冒險並且承擔後果(taking responsible risks)
14.有幽默感(finding humor)
15.能共同協力思考(thinking interdependently)
16.敞開心胸不斷學習(remaining open to continuous learning)
有成效的心智習性
Marzano(1992)在「學習的向度」(Dimensions of Learning)中舉出三組的心智習性。他還將「有成效的心智習性」(Productive Habits of Mind) 列為重要的第五學習向度。他列舉的心智習性是: